Lịch sử Nam Sudan | History of South Sudan

Tóm tắt · In brief

Quốc gia trẻ nhất thế giới, Nam Sudan ra đời năm 2011 sau hai cuộc chiến kéo dài hàng thập kỷ với miền bắc; vùng đất của người Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk và nhiều dân tộc bên sông Nin Trắng vẫn đang vật lộn để xây dựng hòa bình.

The world’s youngest country, South Sudan was born in 2011 after decades of war with the north; the land of the Dinka, Nuer, Shilluk and many other peoples along the White Nile is still struggling to build peace.

History of South Sudan

Peoples of the Nile

The vast Sudd swamps and the savannas along the White Nile are home to cattle-herding peoples such as the Dinka and Nuer and to kingdoms such as the Shilluk, whose reth was regarded as sacred. Cattle lie at the heart of social life, marriage and ritual. In the nineteenth century, under Egyptian–Ottoman rule, the region was devastated by slave and ivory raids by traders from the north.

Anglo-Egyptian rule and the north–south divide

Under the Anglo-Egyptian Condominium (1899–1956) the south was administered separately from the north under the “Southern Policy”, which limited Arab and Islamic influence and left education to Christian missions. As a result the south was underdeveloped and sidelined when Sudan became independent in 1956. As early as 1955 a mutiny at Torit began the first civil war, which ended with the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement granting southern autonomy.

War, independence and trials

In 1983 the imposition of Sharia law and the ending of autonomy led to a second civil war led by John Garang and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), in which about two million people died. The 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement opened the way to a 2011 referendum, in which nearly 99 per cent voted for independence. South Sudan became independent on 9 July 2011 with Salva Kiir as president. In December 2013 conflict between Kiir and Vice-President Riek Machar ignited civil war; a 2018 peace deal remains fragile.

📚 Nguồn đối chiếu · Sources

1. Encyclopaedia Britannica — South Sudan
2. Wikipedia — History of South Sudan

Bài tổng quan chọn lọc do AIImpish biên soạn; với các vấn đề còn tranh luận, nên đọc thêm tư liệu gốc và nghiên cứu chuyên ngành. / A selective overview by AIImpish; consult primary records and specialist scholarship on contested questions.

Khám phá tiếp · Keep exploring

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